What are the Main Types of CNC Machines?

This article covers the different types of CNC machining technologies and the types of machines classified based on multiple factors.

CNC milling machines and Computer Numerical Control machining was the main pillar on which Industry 3.0 developed. CNC technology offers the possibility for manufacturing processes that can reach astronomical production numbers.

Due to the vast benefits of CNC technology, it finds applications in almost every manufacturing industry regardless of scale. Manufacturers are always looking for new CNC technologies that they can utilize to speed up production even more and save costs.

Let's dive into the topic right away:

About CNC Machining

Computer Numerical Control machines are automated machines operated by computers that execute pre-programmed sequences of controlled instructions. CNC machines are essentially the opposite of "old school" devices that are manually controlled by hand wheels or levers, or mechanically automated by cams alone. Today's modern CNC machines understand and operate with a CNC machining language - known as G-code - that gives them precise production dimensions such as feedrate, speed, position and coordination.

These machine tools do all the work that is traditionally done by hand, such as shaping and machining materials.

CNC machining uses an algorithm written by design engineers to tell machine tools where to move and how to operate and control other secondary processes. A CNC machining process is highly scalable and can produce anything from small electronic components to large aerospace parts.

Types of CNC Machines

There are several ways to classify a CNC machine. The most basic way is according to the design and function of the CNC machine. According to this classification, there are the following types of CNC machines:

CNC Milling Machine

CNC milling machines use cutting tools to remove material from a workpiece and shape it to exact specifications. The workpiece is usually fixed in place while the cutting tool, which rotates at high speed, removes material from it.

CNC routers can have a variety of cutting tools, each serving a different purpose. Some typical cutting tools include end mills, reamers, face mills, taps and drills. These machines come in both vertical and horizontal designs.

Applications of CNC Milling Machines

Some typical applications of CNC machining are:

• Cabinets

• Furniture

• Prototype models

• Signage

• Musical Instruments

Limitations of CNC Mills

CNC milling is a widely used technology as it successfully serves its purpose and enables high-speed manufacturing with precise CNC machining. Some of the factors that may be a limitation for certain users are:

Size Limitation: Any particular CNC milling machine will have a limitation on the size of the part that can be machined using it. This size usually depends on the maximum travel distance of the tools and the size of the enclosure.

Operator Skill: CNC mills require operators to have a good skill set. A small operator error can lead to significant deviations in accuracy and design problems in the later stages.

Cost: Some users see the relatively high initial cost of a CNC milling machine as a limitation of the method. However, it should be noted that the high cost also brings several benefits, such as accuracy and precision CNC machining, which other alternatives do not provide.

Cost

When it comes to the cost of a CNC milling machine, the price range is wider than you might think. There are significantly less expensive options for home use, starting at $10,000. On the other hand, milling machines in manufacturing plants that cost over $200,000 are quite common.

The hourly cost of CNC milling depends on the axis of the machine. A 3-axis CNC machine can cost around $40 per hour, going up to $200 per hour for a higher-axis machine.

CNC Router Machines

CNC routers cut various shapes and designs on residential surfaces from any material. These machines replace many manual tools traditionally used in carpentry and metalworking stores, such as drills, panel saws, and spindle planes.

Applications of CNC Routers

Due to the ability of CNC routers to cut intricate shapes, the applications include:

• Carved wood furniture

• Moldings

• Interior and exterior decorations

• Door carvings

• Signage

• Musical instruments

Limitations of CNC Routers

High noise: CNC routers usually consist of parts like a spindle, extraction system, and vacuum system. The overall operation of the machine can create a high noise level.

Residual dust: The working environment of CNC routers contains a high amount of wood dust or metal dust.

Cost of CNC Routing Machines

On average, the purchase price for a CNC milling machine ranges from $3000 to $100,000. The hourly rates for CNC milling work are the same as for a CNC milling machine.